Beyond scratches and dents, Japanese auction sheets record a range of damage types using specific letter codes. X, XX, Y, S and H codes indicate more significant issues — corrosion, holes, rust and paint fade. Here is what each one means.
X Marks — Corrosion / Rust (Surface)
The letter X indicates surface corrosion or rust on the vehicle body. Like other marks, the number shows severity:
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| X1 | Light surface rust — early stage, treatable |
| X2 | Moderate rust — visible corrosion, requires treatment |
| X3 | Heavy rust — deep corrosion, structural concern possible |
Important: X marks on undersides, sills, or wheel arches are more concerning than those on visible body panels. X3 marks near structural components should be treated as a serious red flag.
XX Marks — Holes / Rust-Through
XX is more severe than X — it indicates rust that has eaten completely through the panel, creating a hole. This is a structural and corrosion problem combined. XX marks anywhere on a vehicle significantly reduce its value and indicate potential safety concerns.
Y Marks — Holes (Non-Rust)
The Y code marks a hole in the bodywork that was not caused by rust — typically from impact damage, drilling (for accessories), or manufacturing faults. Y marks on bumpers or body panels are less serious than XX marks, but Y marks on structural panels require investigation.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Y1 | Small hole — pinhole or minor perforation |
| Y2 | Medium hole — clearly visible perforation |
| Y3 | Large hole — significant structural breach |
S Marks — Rust (Structural)
Do not confuse the S mark with S grade. In the damage code context, S indicates rust specifically on structural components — frame rails, floor pan, subframe mounts, or pillars. S marks are among the most serious on any auction sheet because structural rust directly affects vehicle safety.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| S1 | Light structural rust — monitor closely |
| S2 | Moderate structural rust — repair required |
| S3 | Severe structural rust — safety concern, professional assessment essential |
H Marks — Paint Fade
The H mark indicates paint fade — typically caused by sun exposure, oxidation, or age. H marks affect appearance but not structural integrity:
- H1 — Slight fading, visible on close inspection
- H2 — Noticeable fade visible from normal distance
- H3 — Severe fade, chalky or peeling paint
H marks on the roof or bonnet (most sun-exposed panels) are very common on older vehicles from warmer climates. H marks do not affect the mechanical condition of the car.
What to Do with X, XX, Y, S Marks
Any X2, X3, XX, S2 or S3 mark on an auction sheet should be taken seriously. Before purchasing a vehicle with these marks:
- Review the exact location on the damage diagram — structural areas are higher risk
- Request auction photos to see the actual condition
- Factor repair costs into the purchase price
- Consider a physical inspection if importing to confirm the extent of corrosion
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